The first requirement of The Economist is that it should be readily understandable. Clarity of writing usually follows clarity of thought. So think what you want to say, then say it as simply as possible. Keep in mind George Orwell's six elementary rules ("Politics and the English Language", 1946):
- Never use a Metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print.
- Never use a long word where a short one will do (see Short words).
- If it is possible to cut out a word, always cut it out (see Unnecessary words).
- Never use the Passive where you can use the active.
- Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a Jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.
- Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous (see Iconoclasm).
Read the full Style Guide introduction.
Readers are primarily interested in what you have to say. By the way in which you say it you may encourage them either to read on or to give up. If you want them to read on:
Do not be stuffy. “To write a genuine, familiar or truly English style”, said Hazlitt, “is to write as anyone would speak in common conversation who had a thorough command or choice of words or who could discourse with ease, force and perspicuity setting aside all pedantic and oratorical flourishes.”
Use the language of everyday speech, not that of spokesmen, lawyers or bureaucrats (so prefer let to permit, people to persons, buy topurchase, colleague to peer, way out to exit, present to gift, rich towealthy, show to demonstrate, break to violate). Pomposity and long-windedness tend to obscure meaning, or reveal the lack of it: strip them away in favour of plain words.
Do not be hectoring or arrogant. Those who disagree with you are not necessarily stupid or insane. Nobody needs to be described as silly: let your analysis show that he is. When you express opinions, do not simply make assertions. The aim is not just to tell readers what you think, but to persuade them; if you use arguments, reasoning and evidence, you may succeed. Go easy on the oughts and shoulds.
Do not be too pleased with yourself. Don't boast of your own cleverness by telling readers that you correctly predicted something or that you have a scoop. You are more likely to bore or irritate them than to impress them.
Do not be too chatty. Surprise, surprise is more irritating than informative. So is Ho, ho and, in the middle of a sentence, wait for it, etc.
Do not be too didactic. If too many sentences begin Compare,Consider, Expect, Imagine, Look at, Note, Prepare for, Rememberor Take, readers will think they are reading a textbook (or, indeed, a style book). This may not be the way to persuade them to renew their subscriptions.
Do your best to be lucid (“I see but one rule: to be clear”, Stendhal). Simple sentences help. Keep complicated constructions and gimmicks to a minimum, if necessary by remembering the New Yorker's comment: “Backward ran the sentences until reeled the mind.”
The following letter from a reader may be chastening:
SIR—At times just one sentence in The Economist can give us hours of enjoyment, such as “Yet German diplomats in Belgrade failed to persuade their government that it was wrong to think that the threat of international recognition of Croatia and Slovenia would itself deter Serbia.”
During my many years as a reader of your newspaper, I have distilled two lessons about the use of our language. Firstly, it is usually easier to write a double negative than it is to interpret it. Secondly, unless the description of an event which is considered to be not without consequence includes a double or higher-order negative, then it cannot be disproven that the writer has neglected to eliminate other interpretations of the event which are not satisfactory in light of other possibly not unrelated events which might not have occurred at all.
For these reasons, I have not neglected your timely reminder that I ought not to let my subscription lapse. It certainly cannot be said that I am an unhappy reader.
—WILLARD DUNNING
During my many years as a reader of your newspaper, I have distilled two lessons about the use of our language. Firstly, it is usually easier to write a double negative than it is to interpret it. Secondly, unless the description of an event which is considered to be not without consequence includes a double or higher-order negative, then it cannot be disproven that the writer has neglected to eliminate other interpretations of the event which are not satisfactory in light of other possibly not unrelated events which might not have occurred at all.
For these reasons, I have not neglected your timely reminder that I ought not to let my subscription lapse. It certainly cannot be said that I am an unhappy reader.
—WILLARD DUNNING
Mark Twain described how a good writer treats sentences: “At times he may indulge himself with a long one, but he will make sure there are no folds in it, no vaguenesses, no parenthetical interruptions of its view as a whole; when he has done with it, it won't be a sea-serpent with half of its arches under the water; it will be a torch-light procession.”
Long paragraphs, like long sentences, can confuse the reader. “The paragraph”, according to Fowler, “is essentially a unit of thought, not of length; it must be homogeneous in subject matter and sequential in treatment.” One-sentence paragraphs should be used only occasionally.
Clear thinking is the key to clear writing. “A scrupulous writer”, observed Orwell, “in every sentence that he writes will ask himself at least four questions, thus: What am I trying to say? What words will express it? What image or idiom will make it clearer? Is this image fresh enough to have an effect? And he will probably ask himself two more: Could I put it more shortly? Have I said anything that is avoidably ugly?”
Scrupulous writers will also notice that their copy is edited only lightly and is likely to be used. It may even be read.
![不知此文出處,但如屬實亦頗值得一讀或再深入探索。第 10 與 15 點不明,有人可解乎?
Via @[1628228236:2048:Vivian Cheung]
你不知道的歷史...
歷史自始至終需要塗脂抹粉的,鮮有真實面目,以下,或可一讀!
1、西安事變發生,張學良,楊虎城,蔣介石,宋美齡四人坐在同一個房間裡爭論,宋美齡和張學良講英語,蔣介石聽得半懂,楊虎城一點也聽不懂,結果事後張學良只是軟禁,性命無虞,楊虎城全家被報復殺害……聽不懂的事,千萬別跟著摻合,會輸得很慘的……
2、胡適認為,中國的命運,在1919年3月26日徹底改變,那一夜北大四位校董開會,商議如何解決陳獨秀嫖娼打架之事,胡適要求留住陳獨秀,另三人反對,結果陳被開除,憤怒之中的陳獨秀遇到了共產國際派來的魏金斯基,魏建議陳乾脆成立一個共產黨,自己玩,陳獨秀欣然。從這一天開始中國的命運已不可逆轉。
3、20世紀最早看清蘇俄本質的人不是胡適,而是徐志摩。徐去英國途經莫斯科寫的《歐遊漫錄》中這樣評價蘇俄的馬列主義者:“他們相信天堂是有的,可以實現的,但在現實世界與那天堂的中間隔著一座海,一座血污海,人類泅得過這血海,才能登彼岸,他們決定先實現那血海。” 多深邃的目光!
4、厓山之後無中國,明亡之後無華夏,滿清之後無漢人,文革之後無信仰,改革之後無道德!
5、【身高很重要嗎?名人身高是這樣的】拿破崙165,鄧小平157,列寧164,斯大林162,赫魯曉夫166,普京170,亞歷山大大帝150,查理大帝150,墨索里尼160,希特勒165,杜魯門163,盧武鉉168,豐臣秀吉152,魯迅158,孫中山158,普希金165,愛因斯坦164。
6、1917年的北大,有一群教授。梁漱溟,25歲;胡適,27歲;劉半農,27歲;劉文典,27歲;林損,27歲;周作人,33歲;陳獨秀,39歲;朱希祖,39歲… 校長是蔡元培50歲。最年輕的是畫法研究會導師徐悲鴻,23歲。這個年齡,擱現在許多人還是 “啃老一族” 而前輩們已經成為大師了。
7、在德國達豪集中營入口處,刻著17世紀一位詩人的警世名言:“當一個政權開始燒書的時候,若不加以阻止,它的下一步就要燒人!當一個政權開始禁言的時候,若不加以阻止,它的下一步就要滅口!” 埃德蒙·柏克說過:“邪惡盛行的唯一條件,是善良者的沉默。”
8、早年奧地利有家姓張的華人,資助一個窮孩子學費和生活費,讓他來自已家裡吃飯住宿。從此這孩子對中國人無限感恩,後來他承擔1936奧運會中國代表團全部費用。這孩子甚至希望以巴卡思坦為界,與中國平分世界,西邊是德意志帝國,東邊是中華民國——這窮孩子能夠做到這點,因為他叫希特勒。
10、1936年12月25日,蔣介石平安回到南京。是夜,南京城鞭炮聲通宵達旦,市民們以此表達慶賀之意。這鞭炮聲才令在老虎橋監獄的陳獨秀恍然大悟。
參考:《並未遠去的背影》,王彬彬著,廣西師範大學出版社出版
11、幾位記者從延安回來,向蔣夫人讚揚共產黨人廉潔奉公、富於理想和獻身精神。宋美齡感觸良深,默默地凝視長江幾分鐘後回身,說出了她畢生最悲傷的一句話:如果你們講的有關他們的話是真的,那我只能說他們還沒有嚐到權力的真正滋味。
-《史迪威與美國在華經驗》
14、百年清華走出29位大師。他們全部出自1949年前的清華。若排除美籍的李政道、楊振寧,在大陸的27位大師之中:吳晗、趙九章自殺,梁思成、葉企孫含冤而世;被批鬥、關牛棚、勞改的,計12位。當我們驕傲自豪地讚美出自清華的這29位大師時,有否想過,這些大師,沒有一位出自1949年後清華。
15、同樣是穿越劇,美國都是往後穿,我們都是往前穿。一個想不出歷史,一個想不出未來。 。 。
17、有那麼一個奇怪的國度,避孕套廣告是不被允許公開播放的,但是每個電視台都能看到無痛人流的廣告。在這裡,拋棄生命遠遠比買安全套顯得高尚優雅!
20、學校的教室、食堂、圖書館、自習室每天都會上演這樣的鬼故事:一個同學指著一個空蕩蕩的座位說,這兒有人……
24、人這輩子就是兩件事,惦記別人老婆,記著別人的錯誤。
26、張伯苓是中國著名教育家。一生致力於教育救國,創造了中華教育史上一道輝煌篇章——“南開”教育。據說在南開女子中學的畢業典禮,張校長總會這麼囑咐:“你們將來結婚,相夫教子,要襄助丈夫為公為國,不要要求丈夫升官發財。男人升官發財以後,第一個看不順眼的就是你這個原配。”
28、中國最複雜,人格分裂最嚴重的人——楊度:拿過秀才,參與過公車上書,當過滿清四品。和康有為、梁啟超、黃興是好友,跟汪精衛、蔡鍔、齊白石是同學,慫恿袁世凱稱帝,贊同孫中山共和,北伐時說***能得天下,營救過李大釗,是杜月笙的師爺,入過佛門和國民黨,最終經周恩來介紹加入中共。
30、學校進一年輕教師,校長語重心長地對他說:考100分的學生你要對他好,以後他會成為科學家;考80分的學生你要對他好,他可能和你做同事;考試不及格的學生你要對他好,以後他會捐錢給學校的;考試作弊的學生你也要對他好,他將來會從政的;中途退學的同學,你也要對他好,他會成為比爾蓋茨或喬布斯。
33、有個年輕人說,為中華堀起而讀書,然後報考清華大學,落榜。就去日本,一所一所的學校考過來,統統落榜。再回國,在剛剛成立的南開大學註冊學籍,又遭南開除名處理。乾脆去法國,可法國的學校也不認他,不給他文憑。直到他萬人之上,功成天下,卻仍然不過是個高中生——這個落榜生,名叫周恩來。](https://fbcdn-sphotos-f-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/s480x480/72892_10151352833126956_1425484476_n.jpg)